Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit exceptional luminescent properties, rendering them valuable assets in diverse fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and therapeutics. However, the potential toxicological effects of UCNPs necessitate comprehensive investigation to ensure their safe utilization. This review aims to offer a systematic analysis

Titanium sputtering is a widely utilized process for producing high-performance coatings across various industries. The procedure entails a high-powered magnetic field to eject titanium atoms from a target, which then deposit onto a substrate surface. The resulting film exhibits remarkable properties such as robust attachment, high hardness, and re